IP
ADMINISTRATIVE LAW (RML)
W74 530A LAW 01 MTuTh 2:00p-3:00p Levin
Administrative Law is the "Civil Procedure" of the regulatory process.
The course deals with laws governing administrative agencies at both the
federal and state levels. We examine the procedural mechanisms that
agencies use as they draft regulations, disburse welfare benefits, grant
licenses, and pursue violators of regulatory statutes. We also study the
procedural rights agencies must afford to private parties, and the ways
in which administrative officials are supervised by Congress, the White
House, and especially the courts. Although the course does not examine
in detail the substantive laws administered by the NLRB, EPA, HHS, FCC,
etc., it provides the background needed to understand the operations of
these and other agencies. Regular attendance and preparation are
expected, and sanctions may be imposed upon egregious offenders. Course
grade will be based on a timed exam. 3 units.
AMERICAN LEGAL HISTORY (DTK)
W74 698B LAW 01 MTuTh 11:00a-12:00p Konig
A survey of the development of law and
legal institutions in American History, examining continuity and change
in the English common law tradition under the impact of social,
economic, and political forces. Coverage will be comprehensive (from
Bracton to Brandeis), but will emphasize the way that the law has
responded to those factors by redefining the status and rights of
individuals and has conferred protections or limits on the legal
institutions they created. Among the topics covered will be: the
creation of modern property rights doctrine (in objects and in persons,
including chattel slavery), women and the family, crime and punishment
(including the regulation of religion, sexuality, and reproduction),
constitutional 'originalism,' and the competition between judges,
juries, and extralegal popular efforts to control the course of change.
We will also examine how and why "law on the books" has differed from
"law in action" in the American experience. The purpose of this course
is to provide an understanding and appreciation of the historical
foundations of law as practiced today, and to enable practitioners to
use historical argumentation and challenge historical fallacies in the
courtroom. Three hours of lecture and discussion. No attendance
requirement. Open-book, take-home final exam. 3 units. Same as L98 AMCS
698, L22 History 5909, L32 Pol Sci 598.
IP
ANTITRUST (DDE)
W74 611D LAW 01 MTuTh 11:00a-12:00p Ellis
The antitrust course deals with the
body of law, primarily federal, that is intended to make the market
system function fairly and efficiently. The course will focus on
monopoly and competition, the role that competition plays in society and
the ways in which courts and agencies have applied the antitrust laws to
further competitive goals. The substantive law considered in the course
will cover horizontal restraints among competitors, vertical restraints
between manufacturers and dealers, monopolization, mergers, and the
interplay between antitrust law and the law protecting intellectual
property. Economic principles will be discussed under the assumption
that the students have not studied economics prior to taking the course.
Attendance and preparation are required. There will be a three hour
examination. 3 units.
BANKRUPTCY (BS)
W74 645B LAW 01 MTuTh 7:30a-8:45a Schermer
After a brief overview of state
debtor-creditor law, this course will cover federal bankruptcy law. The
majority of class time will be spent working through casebook problems
that require an application of Bankruptcy Code provisions to particular
fact situations. The course will begin with coverage of individual
bankruptcies and then move on to the special issues associated with
business bankruptcies. Attendance, participation and preparation will
all be required. Classes will be held on Monday, Tuesday and Thursday
from 7:30 a.m. to 8:45 a.m. The class will not meet one week per month
(exact weeks TBD). There will be a three hour examination. 3 units.
CIVIL RIGHTS (SRB)
W74 685B LAW 01 TuTh 12:00p-1:30p Bagenstos
This course will provide an
introduction to the procedural and remedial aspects of enforcing civil
rights-both constitutional and statutory-in the federal courts. Much of
the course will be devoted to study of the basic federal civil rights
statute, 42 U.S.C. 1983, and the parallel Bivens cause of action. Topics
will include: the rules of individual and official liability and,
conversely, of official and sovereign immunity under Section 1983;
standing and justiciability doctrines that frequently arise in civil
rights litigation; the availability of damages and other remedies in
constitutional tort cases; and the rules governing the award of
attorney's fees. The class will then consider problems arising under
other federal civil rights statutes, such as the other
Reconstruction-era civil rights legislation (42 U.S.C. 1981, 1982, and
1985) and modern civil rights statutes like Titles VI and VII of the
Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Title IX of the Education amendments of
1972. The course will conclude with a study of special problems that
arise in complex civil rights legislation. The text for this course will
be Jeffries, Karlan, Low, and Rutherglen, Civil Rights Actions:
Enforcing the Constitution, together with any annual supplement and
various additional materials prepared by the instructor. 3 units.
COMMERCIAL LAW (MK)
W74 702D LAW 01
W 8:00a - 9:30a and F 11:30a - 1:00p
Korybut [Note
new days/times/Professor]
This course is designed to familiarize
students with some aspects of the law relating to payments and secured
transactions. The majority of class time will be spent working through
casebook problems that require an application of Uniform Commercial Code
provisions to particular fact situations. Articles 3, 4, and 9 of the
Uniform Commercial Code will be the principal focus of the course, with
the three hours allocated approximately half to Articles 3 and 4, which
govern payments, and approximately half to Article 9, which governs
secured transactions. Attendance, participation and preparation will all
be required. There will be a three-hour examination. 3 units.
CORPORATE AND WHITE COLLAR CRIME (KFB)
W74 642 LAW 01 MTuTh 10:00a-11:00a Brickey
White collar crime is one of the
fastest growing areas of specialization in the legal profession. The
collapse of the savings and loan industry, rampant fraud in the nation's
financial markets, and systemic corruption in the health care industry
contributed to a dramatic increase in federal white collar crime
prosecutions over the past two decades. The recent financial accounting
scandals at Enron, WorldCom, and other publicly held companies have
greatly intensified regulatory scrutiny of corporate officers and
employees and led to a heightened level of criminal enforcement against
them. The focus of this course is on the principal federal statutes used
to prosecute corporate and white collar crime. Although the primary
emphasis will be on traditional white collar offenses like mail and wire
fraud, insider trading, perjury, obstruction of justice, and bribery,
students will study more recent entries into the field such as RICO,
money laundering, and laws enacted to combat government contract fraud
as well. The course will also consider the impact of the criminal
provisions in the newly enacted corporate governance reform bill, the
Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, and an introductory look at the Federal
Sentencing Guidelines. Regular class attendance and preparation are
required. 3 units.
CORPORATIONS (MEB)
W74 538P LAW 01 MTuW 12:00p-1:00p Bullard
This course is a survey of the law of
corporations, with a brief introduction to basic legal concepts relating
to other types of business entities (e.g., partnerships, limited
liability companies). The course will cover the operation, organization,
and capital structure of corporations; limited liability; derivative
actions; shareholder voting rights; and the nature of the fiduciary
duties of directors and officers. Insider trading regulation under state
law, the Williams Act, and Rule 10b-5 under the Securities Exchange Act
is also covered. There will be supplemental, theoretical readings on
such topics as managerial behavior, agency costs, limited liability,
bond covenants, corporate democracy, fiduciary duties and insider
trading. There will be an open-book final exam. 3 units.
EMPLOYMENT DISCRIMINATION (LAR)
W74 590C LAW 01 WF 9:30a-11:00a Rosenbury
This course will examine the law's
response to employment discrimination based on race, sex, religion,
national origin, sexual orientation, pregnancy, age, and disability. The
course will focus primarily on enforcement and interpretation of federal
employment discrimination statutes, including Title VII of the 1964
Civil Rights Act, the Pregnancy Discrimination Act, the Age
Discrimination in Employment Act, the Americans with Disabilities Act of
1990, and the Civil Rights Act of 1991. Specific topics will include
hiring, promotion, and termination policies, reasonable accommodation,
bona fide occupation qualifications, affirmative action, stereotyping,
and harassment. Grades will be based on a final exam. 3 units.
EMPLOYMENT LAW (PK)
W74 613B LAW 01 MTuTh 10:00a-11:00a Kim
This course will cover the law of the
employment relationship with a primary emphasis on the non-unionized
workplace. We will begin with the traditional employment at will
doctrine and will then examine various common law doctrines, based on
both contract and tort principles, which have eroded the presumption of
at-will employment. We also will cover issues such as testing,
surveillance and other privacy and dignitary concerns in the workplace.
In the latter half of the semester we will examine the various statutory
schemes which regulate the employment relationship, such as laws
relating to minimum wage and maximum hours, unemployment insurance,
workers' compensation and health and safety. Attendance and preparation
are required. Final grades will be based upon a timed exam. 3 units.
ESTATE & GIFT TAXATION (KAM)
W74 629H LAW 01 MTuTh 12:00p-1:00p Moore
Enrollment limit: 40. An introduction to the Federal system
of taxation as it pertains to wealth transfers, covering the gift and
estate transfer taxes. We will also review the recent legislation
dealing with the repeal of the estate and generation skipping tax. The
course will also cover the related Federal income tax provisions.
While some familiarity with the Internal Revenue Code will be helpful,
it is not mandatory. Similarly, prior study in the law of Future
Interests, Trusts and Estates, and Property would be helpful but is
not a prerequisite. There will be a final exam. Regular attendance and
class participation are expected. [This course is not open to
students in the Graduate Tax Program. Questions can be directed to
Kelly Moore, Director of the Graduate Tax Program, at kamoore@wulaw.wustl.edu
or 314-935-8768.] 3 units.
ENVIRONMENTAL LAW (MIL)
W74 614B LAW 01 MTuTh 9:00a-10:00a Lipeles
This course explores the field of
environmental law by focusing on five key federal environmental laws --
the Clean Water Act, Clean Air Act, Resource Conservation and Recovery
Act, Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability
Act (popularly referred to as "Superfund"), and National Environmental
Policy Act. Different approaches to environmental regulation, including
significant recent developments in statutory and regulatory changes,
will be considered and evaluated. Regular attendance and preparation are
expected. Grade is based on a three-hour written examination. 3 units.
EVIDENCE (RBK)
W74 547B LAW 01 MTuTh 9:00a-10:00a Kuhns
W74 547B LAW 02 MTuW 2:00p-3:00p Kuhns
Analytical study of the principles and
rules governing the proof of facts in civil and criminal trials. In
addition to examining the Federal Rules of Evidence and their common law
counterparts, the course will address broad issues such as what it means
to "prove" or to "know" something, the allocation of decision making
between judge and jury, the objectives of adjudication, and the
relationship between those objectives and rules of evidence. 3 units.
FEDERAL INCOME TAX (PJW)
W74 549G LAW 01 MTuTh 8:50a-10:00a Wiedenbeck
This four unit course is a survey of
the federal income taxation of individuals, with consideration of the
nature of income, when and to whom income is taxable, exclusions from
the tax base, deductions, credits and the tax consequences of property
ownership and disposition. The instructor emphasizes tax policy and
statutory interpretation. The course will be taught from a casebook and
a statutory pamphlet, by a combination of the case and problem methods.
Students will work extensively with the Internal Revenue Code.
Attendance and preparation are required and sanctions will be imposed on
serious offenders. The course grade will be based predominately on a
timed final examination. Additional course information is posted on the
web at http://law.wustl.edu/Academics/Faculty/Wiedenbeck. 4 units.
FEDERAL JURISDICTION (JND)
W74 634D LAW 01 MTuTh 11:00a-12:00p Drobak
Federal Jurisdiction is one of the
capstone courses in a law school's curriculum. It is not merely a course
about the use of the federal courts. Rather, it is a course that deals
with fundamental issues of governance in a federal system where power is
limited by co-equal branches of the government. These fundamental issues
will be examined in the context of the relationship between the federal
courts and both Congress and the President and the relationship between
federal and state courts. We will study a variety of specific legal
doctrines relating to the federal courts, such as congressional control
over federal court jurisdiction; the federal courts' control over their
own dockets through such doctrines as standing, ripeness, mootness and
political question; limitations on district court jurisdiction for
federalism purposes, such as the Anti-Injunction Act and the abstention
doctrines; federal issues in state court; and, if time permits, the
eleventh amendment and sovereign immunity. The textbook, Hart and
Wechsler's The Federal Courts and the Federal System, which is on
reserve in the law library, is the classic book for this course, with so
much information in the notes that it is like a small treatise. The
reading assignments will average about 25 pages per class. Attendance
and preparation are required. The grade will be based on a three-hour
closed-book essay exam. 3 units.
INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS & THE CONSTITUTION
(MS)
W74 609L LAW 01 WF 1:00p-2:30p Schlanger
This course addresses interpretation
and enforcement of the Fourteenth Amendment, focusing in particular on
equal protection, due process of law, and state action. There will be an
8 hour week-day self-scheduled final exam. (This course was formerly
called Constitutional Law II; therefore, students who have taken
Constitutional Law II are not eligible to take this course.) 3 units.
INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW (LNS)
W74 713A LAW 01 MTuTh 10:00a-11:00a Sadat
Can war be restrained by law? Should
"war criminals" be prosecuted? Should Milosevic, Osama bin Laden and
Saddam Hussein be tried, and by whom in what fora? The answers, in part,
are provided by the study of international criminal law, a growing field
at the intersection of international law and domestic criminal law. As a
matter of substantive law, this year we will concentrate on war crimes,
genocide and crimes against humanity. Procedural coverage will focus on
the practical and legal problems in apprehending alleged war criminals
and bringing them to trial through methods that range from formal
extradition to kidnaping. There will be a mix of statutory,
constitutional, treaty, customary international law, case law, and
policy-oriented and philosophical materials. The final will be a 24-hour
take-home exam. 3 units.
INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW (LNS)
W74 619C LAW 01 TuTh 3:00p-4:30p Sadat
This course is an introduction to the
international structure for the protection of selected human rights:
laws, procedures, institutions, and policies. Particular emphasis will
be placed on the roles of the United Nations and various regional
associations. The readings will contain not only legal documents
(treaties, executive orders, cases, etc.), but also nontraditional
passages such as human rights reports, newspaper articles, political
essays, and the like. Regular attendance and rigorous preparation will
be required. There are no prerequisites or corequisites. The final will
be a 24-hour take-home exam. 3 units.
IP
INTERNATIONAL LAW (APM)
W74 553A LAW 01 WF 9:30a-11:00a Mutharika
An introduction to rules that govern
relations among states as well as relations between states and other
entities. A critical examination of the theories that underlie these
rules and the institutions within which such rules have evolved will be
made. Particular attention will be given to the relevance of such
rules and institutions to contemporary international problems.
Attendance and preparation are required. There will be a regular open
book examination at the end of the course. 3 units.
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS (APM)
W74 560A LAW 01 TuTh 3:00p-4:30p Mutharika
This course examines the role of
international organizations in the management of global issues. While a
large part of the course will deal with the United Nation's role in
peace management and conflict resolution, the role of other
organizations (both intergovernmental and nongovernmental) will also be
examined. Specific case studies such as Iraq, Bosnia, Cambodia, Angola,
Somalia and Western Sahara will be used to examine the efficacy of these
organizations in managing global issues. Attendance and class
participation are required. The final grade will be based on a take-home
examination. 3 units.
JURISPRUDENCE (SLP)
W74 555A LAW 01 TuTh 4:30p-6:00p Paulson
An introductory course for law students
on the main currents of thought in jurisprudence and legal philosophy.
Jurisprudence, both in the tradition and today, reflects two general
outlooks--law as institutionalized power, and law as a species (or
application) of morality. As you can imagine, lawyers with a penchant
for theoretical questions have worked up a great number of variations on
these two themes. Can one reach some kind of conclusion on the question
of the nature of law? Drawing for the most part on the work of recent
writers, we shall discuss concepts and arguments clustered around the
two views--fiat vs. reason, power vs. morality, convention vs. goodness.
Classroom instruction is by lecture and discussion. And, for what it's
worth, the instructor is in love with the field and does his best to
keep things lively and interesting. Nothing is presupposed. The best
"background" is curiosity about these questions. The examination is of
the traditional, "scheduled" variety, but with study questions (from
which the actual exam questions are taken) distributed in advance. 3
units.
LABOR LAW (SRB)
W74 557C LAW 01 TuTh 4:30p-6:00p Bagenstos
This course is an examination of the
law governing concerted labor activities and collective bargaining, with
particular focus on union organizing, weapons of economic conflict, duty
to bargain in good faith, arbitration of grievances, and preemption .
The principal focus is on the National Labor Relations Act, though we
will also discuss other sources of law and broader questions of policy.
3 units.
Є
LEGAL PROFESSION (LG)
W74 563K LAW 01 W 3:00p-6:00p Gross
[This course is part of the ethics
curriculum; it is considered a survey course. Students may not take more
than one survey course for credit toward their degree. This course is
part of the ethics curriculum; it is considered a "survey" course.
Students may not take more than one "survey" course for credit toward
their degree. Other survey courses offered recently are: Lawyers and
Ethics in Film and Law, Lawyers & Justice, Practical Ethics for Civil
Litigation, and Litigation Ethics.] A study of the law and institutions
which govern the lawyer in our society, with emphasis on the various
roles of the lawyer in the legislative, judicial administrative and
private legal processes. We will examine the rules which govern lawyers'
behavior: the ABA Model Rules, case law, the Constitution, etc. with
particular focus on whose interests are protected by the rules. We will
also watch clips from television shows and movies which involve lawyers'
ethics. The class will discuss practical problems about how lawyers can
avoid potential legal ethics pitfalls. The grade will be based on two
components: (1) a paper which will be based on an analysis of the legal
ethics issues in a novel to be assigned; and (2) a multiple choice
final. 3 units.
LEGISLATION (RML)
W74 601 LAW 01 MTuTh 11:00a-12:00p Levin
In most law school courses, judge-made
law is the center of attention. In real-world settings, however, lawyers
frequently find themselves spending more time working with statutes than
with case law. In order to equip students to survive in our so-called
"age of statutes," this course attempts to shed light on legislation and
the processes that give rise to it. The first half of the course will
examine legal rules that govern the legislature, including such topics
as lobbying regulation, bribery statutes, ethics rules, open meetings
laws, the line-item veto, and judicial review of legislative decision
making procedure. The second half of the semester will be a more
straightforward doctrinal unit, examining the ways in which legislation
is implemented in the courts. The primary focus will be on principles of
statutory construction. Students will acquire a working knowledge of the
uses and abuses of canons of construction, legislative history
materials, and other tools that lawyers and judges employ as they try to
make sense of legislation. Regular attendance and preparation will be
expected, and sanctions may be imposed on egregious offenders. The
course grade will be based on a timed exam. 3 units.
READINGS IN JAPANESE LAW (JOH)
W74
724D LAW 01 TuTh 2:00p-3:00p Haley
This 2 unit course is an introduction
to the Japanese legal system and various perspectives on the cultural
and structural factors that influence the contemporary function of law
and legal institutions. The readings will include the most important
works in English on the Japanese legal system by Japanese and American
scholars. [Students interested in this advanced course must
receive approval from Prof. Haley - contact him at johaley@wulaw.wustl.edu;
Japanese language ability preferred.] 2 units.
REMEDIES (TBN)
W74 567K LAW 01 MTu 1:00p-2:30p Brown-Nagin
In civil litigation, identifying a
cause of action and obtaining a finding of liability can often be less
difficult than attaining a satisfactory remedy for the defendant's
wrongful acts. This trans-substantive course discusses the remedies
available for various civil causes of action, including compensatory and
punitive damages, restitution, forfeiture, and injunctions. The purposes
of and standards for administering structural injunctions within the
context of institutional reform litigation are covered in depth;
injunctions are the focus of more than half of the course. Topics
include the philosophical justifications for the imposition of various
remedies; value judgments involved in determining monetary awards; the
difficulties involved in structuring and enforcing remedies that run
counter to majority sentiment or against governmental and insolvent
entities; institutional reform litigation such as cases involving school
desegregation, prison administration, and mental health facilities; and
the tort reform movement inspired, in part, by large punitive damages
awards. This class meets for 78 minutes (it begins at 1:08 and ends at
2:26). Examination. 3 units.
SECURITIES REGULATION
W74 569E LAW 01 MTu 7:45a-8:45a* and W 8:30a-9:30a Bullard
The primary focus of this course is the
regulation of capital formation under the Securities Act of 1933. The
course traces the steps in a registered offering and explores selected
registration exemptions. Also included is a comparison of the elements
of private causes of action under the Securites Act and the Securities
Exchange Act of 1934. This is a statutory course that emphasizes the
wording of the law, regulations and pronouncements promulgated by the
Securities and Exchange Commission, and court interpretations of both.
Case law is less important than in most traditional law school courses.
Regular attendance and participation are expected. There will be a final
exam. 3 units. [If no one in the course is enrolled in Fed Income Tax,
the class will meet from 8:00a-9:00a on Monday and Tuesday.]
SOCIAL SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH FOR
LAWYERS (LE)
W74 551A LAW 01 W 3:00p-5:00p Epstein
Enrollment limit: 32. The purpose of
this course is to provide law students with the ability to conduct and
evaluate empirical social science research. By "empirical social science
research" I mean scholarship that attempts to assess intuitions or
theories against observations drawn from the real world. 3 units. Same
as L32 Pol Sci 532.
STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT (DRM)
W74 617 LAW 01 TuTh 3:00p-4:30p Mandelker
The purpose of this course is to
provide an understanding of the role and function of state and local
governments in a federal system. Lawyers in private practice frequently
must consider state and local government law issues as well as lawyers
who work for government agencies. For example, it is estimated that one
out of every eight tort suits is brought against a local government.
Topics covered include annexation and incorporation; government
structure and powers; taxation and finance; tort, section 1983 and
antitrust liability; special legislation and delegation of legislative
power; and the role of the chief executive and the courts in policy
making. A final chapter covers suits against local government through
use of the extraordinary writs. There is a web site for the course,
which is accessed in class, and which contains supplementary materials.
Class participation and attendance are required subject to excuse. One
unexcused absence is permitted. There is an eight-hour, take-home, open
book examination. 3 units.
IP
THEORY OF PROPERTY RIGHTS (JD/DN)
W74 699A LAW 01 TuTh 1:00p-2:30p Drobak / North
Enrollment limit: approx. 25 law
students & 25 economics students. This course is cross-listed in the
Economics Department. This law and economics course focuses on how the
law affects the course of economic growth. It is jointly taught by
Professor John Drobak of the law faculty and Professor Douglass C. North
of the economics faculty. The enrollment is made up of both law and
economics students. The course will begin with two weeks of introduction
to economic theory and history. That will be followed by study of the
law and economics of Ronald Coase's pathbreaking article "The Problem of
Social Cost." The course will then examine the historical development of
the law merchant and its incorporation into modern commercial law. The
course will also examine the law and economics of the limits imposed on
government regulation by the takings clause of the fifth amendment,
followed by the study of the law and economics of rent control. Other
subjects studied in the course will include some or all of the
following: slavery and labor contracts, cognition and contract law,
airline deregulation, telecommunication regulation and environmental
law. There will be an hour and a half mid-term exam, an hour and a half
final examination, and an 8-12 page term paper. Attendance and
preparation are expected. Some classes will be taught primarily by
lecture, but most classes will entail typical classroom discussion.
There is no economic prerequisite for law students, although it would be
helpful for law students to have taken one course in price theory or
micro-economics. If law students have not, it will require some
additional work to understand some of the economic instruction in the
course. 3 units.
IP TRADEMARKS AND UNFAIR
COMPETITION (JLR)
W74 647F LAW 01 TuWTh
10:00a-11:00a Rothman
This
course will be an introduction to U.S. trademark and unfair
competition law, focusing on the federal system under the Lanham Act.
We will also consider state trademark and unfair competition
laws, as well as the fundamental policies underpinning trademark law.
In addition to these basic issues, the course will address
issues of current interest, such as: protection of Internet domain
names; trademarking celebrities; conflicts between trademark
protection and the copyright and patent laws; and trademark dilution.
Students interested in exploring intellectual property law are
encouraged to enroll in this course first, and then to take either
Patents & Trade Secrets or Copyrights & Related Rights, or
both. The grade for this course will be based on either an in-class
final exam or a forty-eight hour take-home exam. Class participation
will also be considered in assigning a final grade.
3 units.
TRUSTS & ESTATES (LAR)
W74 575N LAW 01 TuTh 3:00p-4:30p Rosenbury
This course will examine the basic
legal doctrines and rules applicable to transfer of decedents' wealth by
intestate succession, will, and trust. Topics to be addressed include
the state's control of inheritance; intestate succession; will
execution, revocation, and construction; family protection and the
protection of non-traditional families and relationships; private
express and charitable trusts; and fiduciary administration. The course
will not cover future interests, estate planning, or estate and gift
taxation since separate, specialized classes and seminars are offered on
each of these important topics. Grades will be based on a final exam. 3
units.
